FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM - Florida Drinking Water

Florida Drinking Water Relies Overwhelmingly on Groundwater from its Floridan Aquifer System.

The Floridan Aquifer System (FAS, also called the Floridan Aquifer), which underlies nearly the entire state and supplies about 90% of the state’s drinking water for its ~24 million residents (plus agriculture, industry, and power generation).

In South Florida, the shallower Biscayne Aquifer is also critical. These porous limestone and sand layers store vast freshwater reserves recharged mainly by rainfall (Florida receives ~50–60 inches annually on average), but rapid population growth, over-extraction, and climate factors are creating significant stress.

Stress on the Aquifers and Population Growth Risks

Florida’s population has surged from ~18.8 million in 2010 to nearly 24 million today, with projections of 26.4 million by 2040 (a 23% increase, or ~4.8 million more people) and potentially 31+ million by 2050. This drives water demand upward: statewide total demand is projected to rise 13% (by ~866 million gallons per day, or mgd) to ~7,302 mgd by 2040, with public supply (residential/commercial drinking water and related uses) growing fastest—up 22% to 3,166 mgd and becoming the largest single use (43% of total demand). Agriculture grows minimally (~1%).

Groundwater withdrawals (mostly from the FAS Upper Floridan) became the dominant source after ~1980 and are now approaching or at sustainable limits in large parts of the state. About two-thirds of Florida is designated as water resource caution areas, where existing supplies cannot reliably meet 20-year projected demands without impacts. Regional Water Supply Plans (RWSPs) and the 2024 EDR Annual Assessment identify inferred statewide shortages of ~329–336 mgd by 2040 (baseline scenario, assuming constant supply), concentrated in high-growth zones like the Central Florida Water Initiative (CFWI) area (~95–96 mgd shortfall by 2045), North Florida Regional Water Supply Plan (~117 mgd), and parts of South Florida.

Specific stresses and risks include:

Over-extraction and lowered water levels: Heavy pumping reduces potentiometric surface (pressure) in the aquifer. In 2010, a freeze in Plant City (Polk County) saw farmers pump ~2.7 billion gallons over 11 days (peaking at 892 mgd vs. normal ~37 mgd), dropping the FAS by 60 feet locally. This dried >750 wells and triggered >140 sinkholes (costing ~$8 million). Similar events highlight vulnerability as population and development expand.
Saltwater intrusion: Over-pumping draws denser saltwater (from underlying ancient seas or the ocean) upward or laterally into freshwater zones, especially in coastal areas. Combined with sea-level rise (exacerbated by climate change), this threatens the Biscayne Aquifer and coastal FAS portions (e.g., Northeast Florida, Jacksonville area). Chloride levels rise, rendering water undrinkable without treatment; the “saltwater wedge” has advanced measurably in places like South Florida.
Impacts on natural systems: Reduced spring flows (many Outstanding Florida Springs have lost >1/3 historic flow), drying wetlands, lower lake levels, and habitat loss. Minimum Flows and Levels (MFLs) set by Water Management Districts (WMDs) are at risk in stressed areas; 80% of monitored springs show severe pollution or flow issues.
Broader risks: Population-driven development (e.g., converting farmland to housing) reduces natural recharge areas via impervious surfaces. Droughts (at least once per decade) and extreme weather worsen shortages. Some reports flag potential statewide shortages as early as 2025 without intervention. Per capita public use has improved (from ~170 gpd in 1995 to ~120 gpd now), but overall demand growth outpaces this in high-growth regions.

Florida will not literally “run out” of water (it’s one of the rainiest states), but cheap, fresh groundwater is maxed out in many areas. Without action, this forces costlier alternatives, higher bills, development limits, and environmental degradation. The 2024 EDR assessment estimates ~$3.27 billion total investment needed by 2040 (~$1.69 billion for supply projects + ~$1.58 billion for natural systems restoration), with the state share ~$562 million.

Protection of Aquifers and Government Efforts for Sustainable Supply

Florida has a proactive, multi-layered framework under Chapter 373, Florida Statutes. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) oversees policy, while five WMDs (St. Johns River, South Florida, Southwest Florida, Northwest Florida, and Suwannee River) handle regional planning, permitting, and projects. Key tools include Consumptive Use Permits (CUPs) that require conservation and prevent harm to MFLs/natural systems, plus 5-year RWSP updates.

Core strategies:

Alternative Water Supplies (AWS): Shift from fresh groundwater via reclaimed water (treated wastewater for irrigation/recharge—now ~891 mgd used statewide, 55% of available wastewater), brackish groundwater/seawater desalination (reverse osmosis), surface water/stormwater capture, and Aquifer Storage & Recovery (ASR—injecting water for later use). These preserve potable groundwater and enhance recharge.
Conservation: Mandatory per capita goals, restrictions (e.g., Tampa’s once-weekly lawn watering), Florida Water Star certification (saves thousands of gallons per home), and incentives. Passive + active conservation could offset hundreds of mgd.
Recharge and restoration: Wetland protection/restoration (e.g., via The Nature Conservancy efforts returning hundreds of mgd), reclaimed water injection, and land acquisition to boost natural infiltration.
Monitoring and regulation: USGS/FDEP/WMDs track levels, quality, and intrusion via wells/models. MFLs and Recovery/Prevention Strategies address stressed water bodies (68+ adopted statewide).

Recent and ongoing government actions (as of 2025–2026):

2025 RWSP updates: All districts (e.g., SWFWMD, SFWMD, CFWI) approved plans through 2045 showing demands can be met via AWS + conservation + limited fresh groundwater while protecting systems. CFWI (multi-district central Florida effort) identifies 167 supply/resource projects + 27 conservation projects to close its ~96 mgd gap. SWFWMD’s plan explicitly states sufficiency through 2045 with similar mix.
Funding surge: Governor Ron DeSantis awarded $112 million in Dec. 2025 ($50M for 14 AWS projects producing >94 mgd new supply; $50M for 23 springs restoration projects; $12M for algal bloom tech). Since 2019, $335 million in AWS funding has created >445 mgd capacity. WMDs and FDEP invested ~$397.5M (2020–2024) in 36 AWS projects (+88 mgd) and conservation.
Regional initiatives: CFWI collaborative planning (utilities, locals, agencies); Water First North Florida (reclaimed water recharge for springs/aquifer); Polk Regional Water Cooperative for shared supplies; Tampa Bay’s desalination plant (25 mgd); Plant City’s proposed potable reuse (~8 mgd).
Broader policies: Florida Water Plan (2024) emphasizes conservation, land protection, and infrastructure. CUP rules tie permits to efficiency/reuse. Sea-level rise resiliency plans (e.g., SFWMD 2025) address intrusion/flooding.

Progress and outlook: Reclaimed water use is up sharply; per capita use is down; projects are online or in design. Challenges remain—coordination/funding gaps, political development pressures, and climate uncertainties—but the framework (science-based RWSPs, MFL enforcement, AWS diversification) positions the state to sustain supplies for residents and businesses through 2040–2045 and beyond, provided investments continue. Local utilities and businesses must continue adopting conservation and AWS to avoid shortages or restrictions. For the latest district-specific plans or data, check FDEP or WMD websites, as updates occur regularly.

Salt Water Intrusion Impacts

Saltwater intrusion is one of the most pressing threats to Florida’s freshwater aquifers, particularly the Biscayne Aquifer in South Florida and coastal portions of the Floridan Aquifer System (FAS) statewide. It occurs when denser saltwater from the ocean or underlying ancient seawater migrates into freshwater zones, driven primarily by over-extraction (pumping lowers freshwater pressure, creating a “pull” for saltwater), sea-level rise, canal leakage, and reduced natural recharge from development and drought.

Florida’s highly permeable limestone aquifers make the state especially vulnerable. The Biscayne Aquifer supplies ~98% of public drinking water in South Florida (serving millions in Miami-Dade, Broward, and beyond), while the FAS provides ~90% statewide. As Florida’s population grows (adding over 1.1 million people from 2020–2023 alone), increased withdrawals accelerate the process, compounding climate-driven sea-level rise.

Impacts on Drinking Water Supply

The most immediate risk is contamination of public water supplies. Even small saltwater incursions raise chloride levels dramatically (EPA secondary standard: ≤250 mg/L; levels >1,000 mg/L render water unsuitable without advanced treatment like reverse osmosis).

Biscayne Aquifer (Miami-Dade focus): As of 2022 (latest USGS mapping), the 1,000-mg/L isochlor (defining the saltwater interface at the aquifer base) had advanced farther inland than in 2018 in northern and southern areas—up to 0.8 km in the Model Land Area and 0.3 km near canals like Biscayne and Snake Creek. Earlier data showed ~1,200 km² (460 square miles) of the mainland aquifer intruded by 2011, with net advances in eight areas since 1995. Chloride concentrations in monitoring wells have spiked (e.g., one well from 247 mg/L in 2018 to 871 mg/L in 2022; others exceeding 5,000 mg/L). This has already forced well abandonments or relocations in Dania Beach and Hallandale Beach (Broward County). Miami-Dade withdraws ~420 million gallons per day from the Biscayne; intrusion threatens sustainability without costly interventions.
Broader South Florida (SFWMD 2024 mapping): Inland movement observed in Broward (e.g., near Fort Lauderdale wellfields, chloride up to 2,660 mg/L), Palm Beach (multiple sites up to 14,400 mg/L), and minor shifts in Martin/St. Lucie. Some areas (e.g., Pompano Beach) saw temporary seaward retreat due to management, but overall trends show thickening saltwater wedges near wellfields.
Northeast Florida (Floridan Aquifer): Over-extraction plus sea-level rise encroaches on Jacksonville’s supply (90% aquifer-dependent). Municipalities have relocated wellfields inland as a stopgap, increasing costs.

Without action, more wells will be lost, forcing reliance on expensive alternatives and raising water bills.

Environmental and Ecosystem Impacts

Saltwater intrusion disrupts natural systems far beyond human use:

Everglades and Wetlands: Reduced freshwater flow (from drainage and pumping) allows saltwater to infiltrate, causing peat soil collapse. This destroys the foundation of sawgrass marshes, releases stored carbon (worsening climate change), and creates “ghost forests” where freshwater species die. Habitats for endangered species (e.g., Florida panther, alligators) shift or vanish; crocodiles encroach on former alligator territory.
Estuaries and Coastal Zones: Intrusion alters salinity balances, harming fish, shellfish, and seagrasses. It contributes to eutrophication and biodiversity loss in critical nurseries.
Springs and Recharge Areas: Lower freshwater heads reduce spring flows and wetland health statewide.

These changes cascade: degraded wetlands lose their ability to filter pollutants and buffer against further intrusion.

Economic Impacts

Costs are already mounting and will escalate with population-driven demand:

Utilities and Infrastructure: Well abandonment/relocation, desalination plants, and treatment upgrades. South Florida municipalities have spent millions relocating wellfields; statewide alternatives (e.g., reclaimed water, ASR) are needed but expensive.
Agriculture: Saline soils reduce crop yields, degrade land, and increase irrigation costs. Florida’s farms (citrus, vegetables) face viability threats; global analogs suggest billions in annual losses from salinized coastal farmland.
Broader Economy: Higher water rates burden residents and businesses. Tourism (Everglades, beaches) suffers from ecosystem decline. Property values in low-lying coastal zones may drop due to water insecurity. Restoration efforts (e.g., Everglades) show strong returns—up to $9 per $1 invested—but inaction compounds risks.

Public Health Impacts

Elevated salinity in drinking water (if untreated) links to hypertension, kidney damage, and other issues, especially in vulnerable populations. Contaminated supplies also risk indirect effects via reduced sanitation or agricultural produce irrigated with saline water.

Visualizing the Process

Pumping creates cones of depression that draw saltwater laterally (from the coast) or vertically (upconing from below), as shown in this diagram of coastal aquifer dynamics.

In summary, saltwater intrusion is already forcing operational changes in South Florida and Northeast Florida, with measurable inland advances documented as recently as 2022–2024. Tied directly to over-pumping amid rapid population growth and sea-level rise, it risks not just “running low” on cheap freshwater but permanently degrading aquifers that are difficult (and costly) to restore. Ongoing USGS and SFWMD monitoring (updated every ~5 years) tracks the interface via wells, electromagnetic logs, and chloride data, providing critical early warnings. While the previous discussion covered broader protection efforts (e.g., Everglades restoration, alternative supplies), these impacts underscore the urgency: without sustained conservation, recharge, and reduced coastal pumping, Florida’s aquifers could see accelerating contamination, threatening the fresh water that supports 24+ million residents, agriculture, and the economy.

Mitigation Strategies for Saltwater Intrusion

Mitigation strategies for saltwater intrusion in Florida’s aquifers—primarily the Biscayne Aquifer in South Florida and coastal portions of the Floridan Aquifer System (FAS)—focus on reducing pumping stress, creating physical or hydraulic barriers to block saltwater, restoring natural freshwater flows, and diversifying supplies. These approaches are implemented through coordinated efforts by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), other Water Management Districts, Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), local utilities, and the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). They are embedded in Regional Water Supply Plans (RWSPs), Consumptive Use Permits (CUPs), and Minimum Flows and Levels (MFLs) to sustain drinking water for current and future populations amid growth and sea-level rise.

Strategies are adaptive, science-based, and multi-layered, as no single fix works statewide due to varying geology, development patterns, and climate pressures. Progress is tracked via 5-year saltwater interface mapping (using chloride data, geophysical logs, and monitoring wells), with recent 2022–2024 updates showing localized advances but effective slowing in managed areas.

Wellfield Relocation and Optimized Pumping

Utilities relocate coastal production wells inland or reconfigure pumping regimes to minimize drawdown that pulls in saltwater. This is a proven, though costly, short-term fix in South Florida.

In Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties, wellfields near the saltwater interface (e.g., Fort Lauderdale’s Dixie PS or Hallandale Beach areas) have been abandoned or shifted as chloride levels rose.
SFWMD and USGS maps guide permitting: new wells must avoid intrusion zones, and operators monitor specific conductance profiles seasonally.

Effectiveness: Has prevented immediate well losses but requires ongoing inland shifts as intrusion advances (e.g., 0.3–0.8 km in Miami-Dade 2018–2022).

Hydraulic Barriers via Injection Wells

Treated freshwater or highly treated reclaimed water is injected into the aquifer to create pressurized “mounds” or ridges that repel the saltwater wedge. This is a core alternative water supply (AWS) tool.

Reclaimed water injection: Hillsborough County’s pilot (SWFWMD/FDEP) injects into the FAS to form barriers, earning groundwater withdrawal credits while recharging. Expansion to 10+ mgd planned.
Similar systems in other districts create salinity barriers in coastal zones.
Vertical barriers target specific layers (e.g., injecting above saline zones in the Lower Floridan to block upconing).

Effectiveness: Directly counters lateral/vertical intrusion; scalable with advanced wastewater treatment (AWT). SFWMD 2024–2025 plans fund more AWS injection projects.

Salinity Control Structures and Coastal Infrastructure

Engineered structures in canals and along coasts control surface-water salinity and limit conduit pathways for intrusion.

Since the 1950s, SFWMD salinity barriers (e.g., in Broward/Miami-Dade canals) have slowed inland movement by maintaining freshwater heads.
Upgrades include remote-operated structures (e.g., Henderson Creek, S-27 Coastal) for better dry-season recharge and flood control.
Emerging research explores subsurface seawalls or physical barriers to block intrusion while managing sea-level rise overtopping.

Effectiveness: Highly effective in urbanized South Florida; combined with pumping controls, they have halted progression in most Broward areas.

Everglades and Wetland Restoration (CERP and Related Projects)

Restoring historic sheet flow from Lake Okeechobee southward recharges the Biscayne Aquifer, raises water tables, and provides natural counter-pressure against intrusion while buffering coasts.

CERP projects (e.g., Central Everglades Planning Project—CEPP, Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands) increase freshwater deliveries, restoring hydrology and wetlands as natural filters/barriers.
Wetland protection prevents peat collapse and maintains recharge zones.
Complementary actions: Tamiami Trail bridges, sugar land acquisition for flowways, and stormwater capture.

Effectiveness: Long-term and ecosystem-wide; CERP has already increased flows, with modeling showing it offsets sea-level rise impacts. SFWMD 2024–2025 reports ongoing construction (e.g., CEPP STA, seepage barriers).

Water Conservation and Demand Management

Reducing overall withdrawals lowers aquifer stress.

Permanent irrigation restrictions, Florida-Friendly landscaping, rebates for efficient fixtures, and per capita goals (e.g., Miami-Dade’s 20-year plan).
Integrated into RWSPs and CUPs; passive/active conservation offsets projected shortages.

Effectiveness: Proven per capita use decline; directly supports all other strategies.

Monitoring, Regulation, and Adaptive Planning

USGS/SF WMD 5-year mapping + enhanced networks (new monitor wells, vertical profiling).
FDEP Aquifer Protection Program regulates injection (UIC rules) to protect USDWs.
CFWI and district RWSPs (updated 2024–2025) require AWS/conservation mixes to meet demands through 2045 without harming MFLs.

Progress, Costs, and Outlook

These strategies have slowed intrusion in managed areas (e.g., via barriers and structures), created hundreds of mgd in new/reliable supplies, and positioned Florida to meet growth (e.g., $112M+ recent AWS funding). Challenges remain: accelerating sea-level rise, funding gaps (~$3B+ needed statewide by 2040), and coordination. Emerging tools like subsurface barriers and adaptive CERP management offer promise.

Local governments, utilities, and businesses must continue adopting these (via permits and incentives) to safeguard the fresh water supply. For site-specific details, consult the latest SFWMD/USGS maps or district RWSPs, which are updated regularly.

The CERP and CEPP Projects

The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), authorized by Congress in the Water Resources Development Act of 2000 (WRDA 2000), is the world’s largest ecosystem restoration effort. It is a 50/50 federal-state partnership led by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), with involvement from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), National Park Service, and other agencies.

CERP addresses the adverse hydrologic impacts of the 1948 Central and Southern Florida (C&SF) Project, which drained the Everglades for flood control, agriculture, and urban development. It aims to restore the quantity, quality, timing, and distribution of freshwater flows across the Greater Everglades ecosystem (spanning ~18,000 square miles and 16 counties) while maintaining flood protection and water supply for South Florida’s growing population. Originally envisioned with over 50 projects (now ~68 components) over ~30–50 years at an estimated cost exceeding $26.9 billion (in recent dollars, adjusted for inflation and scope changes), CERP has seen ~$6 billion spent cumulatively through FY2024 (~$3.2 billion federal, ~$2.8 billion state).

Connection to Aquifers and Saltwater Intrusion Mitigation

CERP directly supports Florida’s freshwater supply by rehydrating wetlands, raising water tables in the Biscayne Aquifer (which supplies ~98% of drinking water in Miami-Dade and parts of Broward/Palm Beach), and increasing freshwater pressure to counteract saltwater intrusion. By restoring historic sheetflow from Lake Okeechobee southward, it reduces over-pumping stress on coastal wellfields, buffers against sea-level rise, and prevents peat collapse in coastal marshes that exacerbates intrusion. Projects like Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands and the Biscayne Bay and Southeastern Everglades Ecosystem Restoration (BBSEER) explicitly target coastal resiliency and salinity balance in Biscayne Bay and adjacent wetlands.

Key CERP Projects and Status (as of early 2026)

CERP projects are grouped into “generations” based on authorization dates and progress is tracked via the Integrated Delivery Schedule (IDS), with a draft 2026 update released in January 2026. Many are multi-component, involving reservoirs, stormwater treatment areas (STAs), pump stations, spreader canals, levee modifications, and canal plugs to promote sheetflow.

Completed or Near-Completion Highlights (2025–2026):

Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands Project (Phase 1, Generation 2, authorized WRRDA 2014): Completed December 9, 2025. This project rehydrates ~190+ acres of coastal wetlands in Miami-Dade County by redistributing freshwater flows (via Deering Estate, L-31E Flow-way with culverts/pump stations like S-705/S-703/S-709, and Cutler Wetlands features). It reduces point-source discharges to Biscayne Bay, improves salinity gradients for seagrass/oyster habitats, enhances water quality, and builds coastal resiliency against intrusion and sea-level rise. Monitoring has shown increased fish/amphibian abundance and periphyton in restored areas.
Picayune Strand Restoration Project (Generation 1, authorized WRDA 2007): First major CERP construction project; completed January 28, 2026. Involved plugging drainage canals, removing roads, building pump stations, and restoring sheetflow in Collier County. Benefits include higher water levels across ~20,000+ acres, vegetation recovery, and improved habitat—reducing overall system stress that indirectly aids aquifer recharge.
C-43 (Caloosahatchee) West Basin Storage Reservoir: Opened July 2025; stores water to reduce harmful discharges to the estuary while providing supply benefits.
Other early wins: Melaleuca Eradication, Site 1 Impoundment (Phase 1), C-111 Spreader Canal Western Project (operational, creates hydraulic ridge to retain freshwater in Taylor Slough and reduce seepage/intrusion risks).

Major Projects Under Construction or Advancing:

Central Everglades Planning Project (CEPP, authorized WRDA 2016/2018/2020): A cornerstone “next-generation” effort affecting >1.5 million acres. Includes:
CEPP North/South/New Water/EAA phases: Involves new water storage, STAs for phosphorus treatment, pump stations (e.g., S-356E), gated spillways, flow-ways (e.g., Blue Shanty Flow-way groundbreaking), and seepage barriers. Aims to send more clean freshwater south into Water Conservation Areas, Everglades National Park, and estuaries.
EAA Reservoir (10,500-acre reservoir + 6,500-acre STA, capacity ~78–240,000 acre-feet/78+ billion gallons): Landmark 2025 state-federal agreement accelerates completion from 2034 to 2029. State leading construction on key components; will capture/store Lake Okeechobee water, reduce estuarine discharges, and improve flows/timing for the Everglades.
Progress: Groundbreaking on components; CEPP South contracts advancing (e.g., awards in FY25–26); operations planning (CEPP 1.0) incorporating new features like Tamiami Trail modifications and seepage barriers to raise canal stages and boost flows.
Lake Okeechobee Watershed Restoration Project (LOWRP) and Loxahatchee River Watershed Restoration Project: In planning/construction phases; focus on upstream storage and flows to reduce lake-level extremes and improve downstream delivery.
Western Everglades Restoration Project (WERP): Authorized 2025 (WRDA 2024); planning for sheetflow restoration in Big Cypress area.
Biscayne Bay and Southeastern Everglades Ecosystem Restoration (BBSEER): In planning; addresses coastal wetlands, salinity in Biscayne Bay, sea-level rise resiliency, and direct benefits to the Biscayne Aquifer by improving freshwater distribution and reducing intrusion risks. Includes considerations for wellfield protection and reuse.

Additional components involve Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) studies (phased implementation recommended), decompartmentalization features (e.g., removing barriers in Water Conservation Areas), and Tamiami Trail bridge extensions for better flow.

Funding, Governance, and Challenges

Florida has outpaced federal contributions in recent years, with Governor DeSantis recommending ~$681–805 million for CERP/Everglades in FY2025–26/2026–27 budgets (part of broader ~$1.4 billion+ restoration investments). A 2025 agreement allows the state to lead on select components (e.g., EAA Reservoir) to accelerate timelines and reduce delays. Federal appropriations continue via USACE (~$420–450 million annually requested).

Water quality (phosphorus limits via STAs and Restoration Strategies) remains a prerequisite for full operations in some areas, with state efforts targeting compliance assessments starting 2026. Challenges include funding gaps, sea-level rise acceleration, coordination across 50+ components, and balancing urban/agricultural needs. The IDS prioritizes sequencing based on ecosystem benefits, interdependencies, and funding.

Overall Progress and Benefits

As of early 2026, ~25 projects/components are complete or in operation (per draft IDS), with more entering construction. Measurable benefits include restored flows, wetland rehydration, improved estuarine salinity, and early signs of habitat recovery. Full implementation (targeted ~2035–2050) is expected to significantly bolster aquifer sustainability by maintaining higher freshwater heads, slowing intrusion in coastal zones, and supporting reliable supplies amid population growth.

For the latest details, refer to evergladesrestoration.gov, SFWMD’s South Florida Environmental Report (annual), USACE fact sheets, or the Integrated Delivery Schedule. Ongoing monitoring (RECOVER program) tracks performance, and adaptive management adjusts as conditions (including climate) evolve. CERP’s success is critical not only for the Everglades but for protecting Florida’s drinking water aquifers from further stress.

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